When did humans acquire the knowledge and skills to perform complex surgeries?

The prevailing view among anthropologists has been that advanced surgical procedures are a relatively recent medical development. One of the most serious and difficult surgeries to perform is the amputation of a limb.1 As an example of the earliest complex medical act, medical textbooks date a successful surgical amputation of a limb that occurred around 7,000 years ago.2 A skeleton found in Buthiers-Boulancourt, France, reveals the remains of a neolithic farmer whose left forearm had been surgically removed and then the wound partly healed. Such an amputation requires comprehensive anatomical knowledge and understanding of the bones, muscles, nerves, arteries, and veins of human limbs, surgical tools, surgical skill, and advanced hygienic treatment of wounds.

Ancient Surgical Amputation
Now, a discovery made in the Liang Tebo cave of Borneo (Southeast Asia) by a team of archaeologists and anthropologists led by Tim Ryan Maloney pushes back the date for a successful amputation of a human limb to 31,000 years ago.3 This earlier date supports the biblical notion that humans have been created in the image of God.

Liang Tebo is a three-chambered limestone cave with preserved rock art in the uppermost chamber. In 2020, archaeologists excavated the central floor of the cave’s largest chamber. They found the skeletal remains of a young adult who had been buried intentionally. Analysis of the skeleton established that the distal third of the left lower leg had been surgically amputated. The trauma pattern in the lower leg bones is not consistent with nonsurgical amputation. This skeleton showed clean oblique sectioning where both the tibia and fibula are severed at the same position relative to the knee. Nonsurgical amputations resulting from accidents or animal attacks don’t reveal such precise sectioning. Nor was there any evidence of crushing fractures. The analysis also revealed that the individual had lived for another 6–9 years after the amputation.

In the same grave layer in which the skeleton was found, Maloney’s team found two charcoal samples and a third charcoal sample in the skeleton’s pelvis bones. The latter sample yielded a carbon-14 date of 31,110–30,437 years ago. The other two charcoal samples had measured carbon-14 dates of 31,529–31,054 and 31,133–30,437 years ago. Hence, Maloney’s team inferred a secure date for the skeleton = 31,201–30,714 years ago. Not only does the Liang Tebo skeleton rank as the oldest known evidence of successful limb surgery, it’s also the oldest evidence of the intentional burial of a modern human in Southeast Asia.

Early Sophisticated Civilization
This evidence of a successful limb amputation surgery demonstrates that modern humans living 31,000 years ago had developed and employed sophisticated medical knowledge and skills. The “surgeon(s) who amputated this individual’s lower left leg must have possessed detailed knowledge of limb anatomy and muscular and vascular systems to prevent fatal blood loss and infection.”4 The surgeon(s) also must have understood the need to amputate the limb for the individual’s survival.5 That the individual lived in a rugged mountainous region for an additional 6–9 years after the amputation shows that the individual must have benefitted from the support and health care from his or her tribe.

The same cave contains figurative art and hand stencil art.6 The date range for this art is 37,200–51,800 years ago. In previous articles, I described discoveries that showed that early humans were harvesting grains, roasting and grinding them, and baking bread products at least as long ago as 32,600 years.7

Advanced art, bread-making, and sophisticated medical surgery demonstrated by humans living 30,000–40,000 years ago substantiate the Bible’s account in Genesis 2–4 of early humanity’s history and the industry and technology expressed by the first humans. It also shows that the unique human attributes of inventiveness and the motivation and capability for technological advance didn’t evolve over tens of thousands of years. In spite of the extreme climate instability and low atmospheric carbon dioxide levels that seriously limited crop productivity during the last ice age, early humans, nevertheless, achieved remarkable technological and artistic achievements. The more scientists learn about those achievements the stronger becomes the evidence for the biblical doctrine of human exceptionalism.

Check out more from Reasons to Believe @Reasons.org

Endnotes

  1. Anna Mavroforou et al., “The Evolution of Lower Limb Amputation through the Ages,” International Angiology 26, no. 4 (December 2007): 385–389, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5756742_The_evolution_of_lower_limb_amputation_through_the_ages_Historical_note.
  2. Cecile Buquet-Marcon, Charlier Philippe, and Samzun Anaick, “The Oldest Amputation on a Neolithic Human Skeleton in France,” Nature Precedings (October 30, 2007): id. 1278, doi:10.1038/npre.2007.1278.1.
  3. Tim Ryan Maloney et al., “Surgical Amputation of a Limb 31,000 Years Ago in Borneo,” Nature 609 (September 7, 2022): 547–551, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05160-8.
  4. Maloney et al., “Surgical Amputation of a Limb,” 551.
  5. Adzim Poh Yuen Wen et al., “Successful Ankle Replantation in Two Cases with Different Presentations,” Archives of Plastic Surgery 47, no. 2 (March 2020): 182–186, doi:10.5999/aps.2018.00514.
  6. M. Aubert et al., “Paleolithic Cave Art in Borneo,” Nature 564 (November 7, 2018): 254–257, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9.
  7. Hugh Ross, “Confirmation That Early Humans Were Making Bread,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, August 27, 2018; Hugh Ross, “The First Humans Developed Food-Processing Technology,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, October 5, 2015.

About The Author

Dr. Hugh Ross

Reasons to Believe emerged from my passion to research, develop, and proclaim the most powerful new reasons to believe in Christ as Creator, Lord, and Savior and to use those new reasons to reach people for Christ. I also am eager to equip Christians to engage, rather than withdraw from or attack, educated non-Christians. One of the approaches I’ve developed, with the help of my RTB colleagues, is a biblical creation model that is testable, falsifiable, and predictive. I enjoy constructively integrating all 66 books of the Bible with all the science disciplines as a way to discover and apply deeper truths. 1 Peter 3:15–16 sets my ministry goal, "Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect, keeping a clear conscience." Hugh Ross launched his career at age seven when he went to the library to find out why stars are hot. Physics and astronomy captured his curiosity and never let go. At age seventeen he became the youngest person ever to serve as director of observations for Vancouver's Royal Astronomical Society. With the help of a provincial scholarship and a National Research Council (NRC) of Canada fellowship, he completed his undergraduate degree in physics (University of British Columbia) and graduate degrees in astronomy (University of Toronto). The NRC also sent him to the United States for postdoctoral studies. At Caltech he researched quasi-stellar objects, or "quasars," some of the most distant and ancient objects in the universe. Not all of Hugh's discoveries involved astrophysics. Prompted by curiosity, he studied the world’s religions and "holy books" and found only one book that proved scientifically and historically accurate: the Bible. Hugh started at religious "ground zero" and through scientific and historical reality-testing became convinced that the Bible is truly the Word of God! When he went on to describe for others his journey to faith in Jesus Christ, he was surprised to discover how many people believed or disbelieved without checking the evidence. Hugh's unshakable confidence that God's revelations in Scripture and nature do not, will not, and cannot contradict became his unique message. Wholeheartedly encouraged by family and friends, communicating that message as broadly and clearly as possible became his mission. Thus, in 1986, he founded science-faith think tank Reasons to Believe (RTB). He and his colleagues at RTB keep tabs on the frontiers of research to share with scientists and nonscientists alike the thrilling news of what's being discovered and how it connects with biblical theology. In this realm, he has written many books, including: The Fingerprint of God, The Creator and the Cosmos, Beyond the Cosmos, A Matter of Days, Creation as Science, Why the Universe Is the Way It Is, and More Than a Theory. Between writing books and articles, recording podcasts, and taking interviews, Hugh travels the world challenging students and faculty, churches and professional groups, to consider what they believe and why. He presents a persuasive case for Christianity without applying pressure. Because he treats people's questions and comments with respect, he is in great demand as a speaker and as a talk-radio and television guest. Having grown up amid the splendor of Canada's mountains, wildlife, and waterways, Hugh loves the outdoors. Hiking, trail running, and photography are among his favorite recreational pursuits - in addition to stargazing. Hugh lives in Southern California with his wife, Kathy, and two sons.



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