Why would an all-loving and all-powerful God create a world for us in which viruses exist?

Ever since the COVID-19 pandemic hit, this question has been one of the most frequent ones I’ve received both at my speaking and teaching events and on my social media pages. In previous Today’s New Reason to Believe articles, I describe the many crucial benefits we humans and all Earth’s life receive from viruses.1 To name just a few, viruses prevent Earth from becoming a bacterial slime ball, they contribute a large fraction of the “seeds” (aerosol particles around which raindrops form) needed for rainfall and snowfall, they contribute to maintaining the carbon, water, and oxygen cycles at the just-right levels essential for advanced life, and they enable engineers to make major advances in nanotechnology.

Now, four medical researchers at the University of Glasgow led by Megan Griffiths have demonstrated yet another benefit of viruses.2 They suggest using viruses to stop the spread of rabies to livestock, pets, and humans.

Current Rabies Control Methods
The currently used method to curb the spread of rabies (a preventable viral disease most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal) is through the large-scale distribution of vaccine-laden bait for wild and domesticated carnivores. This method has eliminated or substantially reduced the incidence of rabies in parts of North America and Western Europe.3 However, this approach is both expensive and labor-intensive.

In Latin America, vampire bats (see figure) are largely responsible for the spread of rabies. This spread results in substantial human suffering and death and the culling of valuable livestock herds.4 Presently, the management of vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus (VBRV) includes the wholesale killing of vampire bats usually through poisons, which often are ingested by other animals, and pre- and post-exposure vaccinations of humans and domesticated animals. Such management is expensive, labor-intensive, and not always effective.5  

 

Figure: Vampire Bat
Credit: Ltshears, Louisville Zoo, creative commons attribution

New, Inexpensive, Effective Rabies Control Method
Griffiths’ team proposed and demonstrated the effectiveness of releasing a transmissible rabies vaccine into the wild vampire bat populations as a way to disrupt or wipe out rabies circulation. The advantage of such an approach is that it tackles rabies at the source.

First, Griffiths and her colleagues identified a candidate transmissible vaccine vector: Desmodus rotundus betaherpesvirus (DrBHV). This virus is (1) host-specific to vampire bats, (2) benign to the bats in that biologists can detect no deleterious consequences for infected bats, and (3) highly transmissible. 

DrBHV ranks as a superinfection. It will spread through entire vampire bat populations once it is released to small numbers of individuals within the populations. Griffiths’ team performed simulations that showed that inoculating just one bat with a DrBHV, genetically modified to provide protection against a rabies infection, could immunize more than 80% of a bat population. Inoculating several bats could immunize 100% of a bat population.  

Second, the team used deep sequencing data, applied a maximum likelihood framework, and developed mathematical models to test the prevalence of DrBHV on vampire bats living in five different ecozones of Peru. They concluded that “vaccination of key populations could not only reduce rabies outbreak metrics within that vaccinated bat colony but also trigger VBRV extinction at the intercolony level.”6   

Griffiths and her fellow researchers showed that simply infecting a few vampire bats with DrBHV could eliminate the need to kill large numbers of bats and livestock and to vaccinate pets, livestock, and humans. It also circumvents protests and legal challenges from people opposed to this kind of vaccine. And it could be implemented for a tiny fraction of the cost and labor presently devoted to preventing and treating rabies infections. No needle injections, oral pills, or oral baits are necessary. This strategy would greatly reduce or eradicate death and suffering from rabies infections.

Application to Other Diseases
In another recently published paper, a team of six computational biologists led by Tanner Varrelman quantified the effectiveness of betaherpesvirus-vectored transmissible vaccines in controlling, curbing, or eradicating other diseases.7 They note that the spillover of deadly infectious diseases from wildlife and domesticated animal populations into humans is an increasing threat to human health and welfare and the global economy.

Varrelman and his research team used mathematical models and data from published field and experimental studies to show the effectiveness of infecting small numbers of wild and domesticated animals with genetically modified herpes viruses to prevent a broad range of deadly diseases from impacting humans and their livestock.

Providential Viruses
Every year, farmers around the world are forced to cull millions of livestock and domesticated birds to prevent the spread of deadly pathogens to other animals and humans. Thanks to the low virulence and high transmissibility of certain herpes viruses, these viruses can serve as vaccines to stop the spread of deadly diseases at their source. 

These herpes viruses manifest multiple designs. They are able to infect their hosts with little or no consequence to the hosts’ health and welfare. They are highly infectious, able to be spread through an entire population through only a few infected individuals. They can be genetically modified, at little cost, by trained biochemists to serve as vaccines. The same biochemists can straightforwardly alter the genetic modifications to stave off mutated strains of diseases. 

In addition, the herpes virus-vectored vaccines are easy and inexpensive to administer. There is no need to line up children, adults, or animals for vaccination. Biologists simply need to expose several animals to genetically modified herpes viruses.

These two research efforts provide evidence for the biblical notion that God has endowed his creation with resources that benefit humanity and other life. Human beings, as his image bearers, have been charged with the responsibility to find and use those resources wisely and compassionately.

Check out more from Reasons to Believe @Reasons.org

Endnotes

  1. Hugh Ross, “More Reasons to Thank God for Viruses,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, May 15, 2017; Hugh Ross, “Viruses and God’s Good Designs,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, March 30, 2020; Hugh Ross, “Benefits of Viruses,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, August 1, 2022.
  2. Megan E. Griffiths et al., “Inferring the Disruption of Rabies Circulation in Vampire Bat Populations Using a Betaherpesvirus-Vectored Transmissible Vaccine,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 120, no. 11 (March 6, 2023): id. e2216667120, doi:10.1073/pnas.2216667120.
  3. B. Brochier et al., “Large-Scale Eradication of Rabies Using Recombinant Vaccinia-Rabies Vaccine,” Nature 354 (December 26, 1991): 520–22, doi:10.1038/354520a0; Joanne Maki et al., “Oral Vaccination of Wildlife Using a Vaccinia-Rabies Glycoprotein Recombinant Virus Vaccine (RABORAL V-RG®): A Global Review,” Veterinary Research 48 (September 22, 2017): id. 57, doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0459-9
  4. Julio A. Benavides et al., “Quantifying the Burden of Vampire Bat Rabies in Peruvian Livestock,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, no. 12 (December 21, 2017): id. e0006105, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006105; World Health Organization (WHO), Who Expert Consultation on Rabies: Second Report (World Health Organization, 2013), https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85346.
  5. Daniel G. Streicker et al., “Ecological and Anthropogenic Drivers of Rabies Exposure in Vampire Bats: Implications for Transmission and Control,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (September 7, 2012): 3384–92, doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0538.
  6. Griffiths et al., “Inferring the Disruption,” p. 8.
  7. Tanner J. Varrelman et al., “Quantifying the Effectiveness of Betaherpesvirus-Vectored Transmissible Vaccines,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 119, no. 4 (January 19, 2022): id. e2108610119, doi:10.1073/pnas.2108610119.

About The Author

Dr. Hugh Ross

Reasons to Believe emerged from my passion to research, develop, and proclaim the most powerful new reasons to believe in Christ as Creator, Lord, and Savior and to use those new reasons to reach people for Christ. I also am eager to equip Christians to engage, rather than withdraw from or attack, educated non-Christians. One of the approaches I’ve developed, with the help of my RTB colleagues, is a biblical creation model that is testable, falsifiable, and predictive. I enjoy constructively integrating all 66 books of the Bible with all the science disciplines as a way to discover and apply deeper truths. 1 Peter 3:15–16 sets my ministry goal, "Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect, keeping a clear conscience." Hugh Ross launched his career at age seven when he went to the library to find out why stars are hot. Physics and astronomy captured his curiosity and never let go. At age seventeen he became the youngest person ever to serve as director of observations for Vancouver's Royal Astronomical Society. With the help of a provincial scholarship and a National Research Council (NRC) of Canada fellowship, he completed his undergraduate degree in physics (University of British Columbia) and graduate degrees in astronomy (University of Toronto). The NRC also sent him to the United States for postdoctoral studies. At Caltech he researched quasi-stellar objects, or "quasars," some of the most distant and ancient objects in the universe. Not all of Hugh's discoveries involved astrophysics. Prompted by curiosity, he studied the world’s religions and "holy books" and found only one book that proved scientifically and historically accurate: the Bible. Hugh started at religious "ground zero" and through scientific and historical reality-testing became convinced that the Bible is truly the Word of God! When he went on to describe for others his journey to faith in Jesus Christ, he was surprised to discover how many people believed or disbelieved without checking the evidence. Hugh's unshakable confidence that God's revelations in Scripture and nature do not, will not, and cannot contradict became his unique message. Wholeheartedly encouraged by family and friends, communicating that message as broadly and clearly as possible became his mission. Thus, in 1986, he founded science-faith think tank Reasons to Believe (RTB). He and his colleagues at RTB keep tabs on the frontiers of research to share with scientists and nonscientists alike the thrilling news of what's being discovered and how it connects with biblical theology. In this realm, he has written many books, including: The Fingerprint of God, The Creator and the Cosmos, Beyond the Cosmos, A Matter of Days, Creation as Science, Why the Universe Is the Way It Is, and More Than a Theory. Between writing books and articles, recording podcasts, and taking interviews, Hugh travels the world challenging students and faculty, churches and professional groups, to consider what they believe and why. He presents a persuasive case for Christianity without applying pressure. Because he treats people's questions and comments with respect, he is in great demand as a speaker and as a talk-radio and television guest. Having grown up amid the splendor of Canada's mountains, wildlife, and waterways, Hugh loves the outdoors. Hiking, trail running, and photography are among his favorite recreational pursuits - in addition to stargazing. Hugh lives in Southern California with his wife, Kathy, and two sons.



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